The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Jamaica

OBJECTIVE:To describe the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Jamaica. METHODS: Data from the national surveillance system for HIV infection and AIDS based in the Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, were reviewed. These include case reports; HIV screening of blood donors, migrant farmworkers and US visa applicants; sentinel surveillance among antenatal clinic (ANC) attenders and sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic attenders; and various serosurveys. RESULTS: A total of 669 AIDS cases were reported in Jamaica from December 1993 representing a cumulative AIDS case rate of 28 per 100 000 population. Since 1987 the annual AIDS case rate doubled every 2 years with 69 percent of individuals having died with AIDS. Heterosexual transmission predominates with the cumulative adults AIDS male-to-female case ratio declining from 2:8:1 in 1988 to 1:9:1 in 1993. A total of 55 children with AIDS account for 8.2 percent of all cases. The HIV infection rate per 1000 in 1993 was 3.8 among blood donors, 1.4 among ANC attenders and significantly higher among STD clinic attenders (men 6 percent, women 2.7 percent) homosexuals (9.6 percent), female prostitutes (12 percent) and individuals with repeat STD infectious (10 percent). Consistent condom use increased from 27 percent in 1989 to 47 percent in 1993. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection was introduced into Jamaica from abroad through several different routes including the Jamaican homosexual community, migrant farmworkers, female prostitutes, and informal commercial importers. HIV transmission is well established locally and is spreading more rapidly in Western Jamaica and along the North Coast, which may reflect increase sexual activity associated with tourism. Although awareness of AIDS and HIV is high and condom use has increased considerably, there are no grounds for complacency concerning the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Jamaica.(AU)

A comparative study of the level of radiation protection in public and private x-ray facilities in the Kingston and St. Andrew metropolitan area

X-rays are classified as ionising radiation. All ionising radiation is harmful. This is the premise that mandates for a radiation protection policy. This study compares radiation control in public and private x-ray facilities in Kingston and St. Andrew. The study was conducted during April 1989. Data collection was through self-administered questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Findings highlighted a generally favourable state of radiation protection, with public institutions appearing to be slightly more vigilant than private institutions. There was general lack of knowledge and application of recent principles of radiation protection throughout the industry. The main issues arising were those of absence of a monitoring and regulatory body, and the absence of written legislation to govern the use of radiation sources. The main limitation of the study was its size. The sample was small but unavoidably so bearing in mind that the study population was also small. As a consequence of the sample size, some statistical analyses could not be performed (AU)